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ÃѼ³ :
ÀÌ Àý¿¡´Â Ä«¸£º¹½Ã±â(carboxyl group)¶ó°í ºÒ¸®¾îÁö´Â ƯÀ¯ÇÑ °ü´É±â(-COOH)¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»ê(carboxylic acids)À» ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ ¸é¿¡¼­´Â ¿À¸£Åä»ê(ortho-acdis)(RC(OH)3)µéµµ ¼öÈ­Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»ê(hydrated carboxylic acids)(RCOOH+H2O=RC(OH)3)À¸·Î °£ÁÖµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀÌ È£¿¡ ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁúÀûÀ¸·Î À̵éÀº À¯¸®»óÅÂ(ë´×îßÒ÷¾ : free state)¿¡¼­´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ ¿¡½ºÅ׸£(esters)[¿À¸£Åä-¿¡½ºÅ׸£(ortho-esters), Áï, ¼öÈ­Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»êÀÇ ¿¡½ºÅ׸£(esters of hydrated carboxylic acids)·Î °£ÁÖÇÏ´Â °Í]¸¦ ¹ß»ý½ÃŲ´Ù.
Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»ê(carboxylic acids)Àº ÇÑ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Ä«¸£º¹½Ç±â(carboxyl group)(-COOH)(ÀÏ¿°±â»êÀ̳ª ´Ù¿°±â»ê)¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
¼ö»ê±â(-OH)°¡ Á¦°ÅµÇ¸é ³²´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ½Ç(RCO-)±âÀ̸ç À̶§ RÀº ¾Ëų(alkyl)À̳ª ¾Æ¸±(aryl)±â[¸ÞÆ¿(methyl)¡¤¿¡Æ¿(ethly)¡¤Æä´Ò(phenyl) µî]¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ½Ç±â(acyl radicals)´Â ¹«¼ö¹°(Ùíâ©Úª : anhydrides)¡¤ÇҷΰÕÈ­¹°(halides)¡¤°ú»êÈ­¹°(peroxides)¡¤°ú»êÈ­»ê(peroxyacids), ¿¡½ºÅ׸£(esters)¿Í ±× ¿°ÀÇ ±¸Á¶½ÄÀÌ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
(-SO3H)±â¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¼úÆù»ê(sulphonic acids)Àº Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»ê(carboxylic acids)°ú´Â ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ À̵éÀº °¢ÀýÀÇ ¼úÆùÈ­(sulphonated) À¯µµÃ¼·Î ºÐ·ùÇÏ°í, ÀÌ Àý¿¡´Â ´ÜÁö ÀÌ ÀýÀÇ È­ÇÐÇ°ÀÇ ¼úÆùÈ­(sulphonated) À¯µµÃ¼¸¸ ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù.

(A) »ê¹«¼ö¹°(ß«Ùíâ©Úª : acid anhydrides)
»ê¹«¼ö¹°(ß«Ùíâ©Úª)Àº ÀÏ¿°±â»êÀÇ µÎ °³ÀÇ ºÐÀÚ³ª ÀÌ¿°±â»êÀÇ ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ºÐÀڷκÎÅÍ ¹° 1ºÐÀÚ¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù. À̵éÀº ƯÀ¯ÀÇ(–C(O)OC(O)–)±â¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

(B) »êÇҷΰÕÈ­¹°(acid halides)
»êÀÇ ÇҷΰÕÈ­¹°(halides)[¿¹: ¿°È­¹°(chlorides)°ú ºê·ÒÈ­¹°(bromides)]Àº ÀϹݽÄ[RCOX(X´Â ÇÒ·Î°Õ ¿ø¼Ò)]À» °®´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿°¼Ò¡¤ºê·Ò°ú ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ÇÒ·Î°Õ ¿ø¼Ò¿Í °áÇÕÇÑ ¾Æ½Ç±â(acyl radicals)·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

(C) »ê°ú»êÈ­¹°(acid peroxides)
»ê °ú»êÈ­¹°(¶ÇÇÑ µð¾Æ½Ç °ú»êÈ­¹°À̶ó°íµµ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù)Àº µÎ °³ÀÇ ¾Æ½Ç±â°¡ µÎ °³ÀÇ »ê¼Ò¿øÀÚ¿Í °áÇÕÇÑ È­ÇÕ¹°·Î¼­, ÀϹݽÄÀº (RC(O)OOC(O)R))*À̸ç, ¿©±â¿¡¼­ R°ú R©öÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ´Ù¸¦ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

(D) °ú»êÈ­»ê(peroxyacids)
ÀϹݽÄÀº (RC(O)OOH)ÀÌ´Ù.

(E) »êÀÇ ¿¡½ºÅ׸£(esters of acids)
Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»ê(carboxylic acids)ÀÇ ¿¡½ºÅ׸£(esters)´Â Ä«¸£º¹½Ã±â(carboxyl group)(-COOH)ÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò¿øÀÚ°¡ ¾Ëų(alkyl)À̳ª ¾Æ¸±(aryl)±â¿Í ġȯÇÏ¿© ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù. À̵éÀº R¿Í R1ÀÌ ¾Ëų(alkyl)À̳ª ¾Æ¸±(aryl)±â[¸ÞÆ¿¡¤¿¡Æ¿¡¤Æä´Ò µî]·Î¼­ ±× ÀϹݽÄÀº (RCOOR1)À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

(F) °ú»êÈ­¿¡½ºÅ׸£(peroxyesters)
°ú»êÈ­¿¡½ºÅ׸£ÀÇ ÀϹݽÄÀº RC(O)OOR1À̸ç, ¿©±â¿¡¼­ R°ú R1Àº À¯±â±â(êóѦÐñ : organic radicals)·Î¼­ R°ú R1Àº µ¿ÀÏÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ´Ù¸¦ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

(G) »êÀÇ ¿°(salts of acids)
Ä«¸£º¹½Ã»ê(carboxylic acids)ÀÇ ¿°Àº Ä«¸£º¹½Ã±â(carboxyl group)(-COOH)ÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò ¿øÀÚ°¡ ¹«±â¾çÀÌ¿Â(¿¹: ³ªÆ®·ý¡¤Ä®·ý¡¤¾Ï¸ð´½)°ú ġȯÇÏ¿© ¾ò¾îÁø´Ù. À̵éÀÇ ÀϹݽÄÀº (RC(O)OM)À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ°í, À̶§ RÀº ¾Ëų¡¤¾Æ¸±À̳ª ¾ËÄ«¸±(alkaryl)±âÀ̸ç MÀº ±Ý¼ÓÀ̳ª ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¹«±â ¾çÀÌ¿ÂÀÌ´Ù.

(H) »êÀÇ ÇҷΰÕÈ­(halogenated)À¯µµÃ¼¡¤¼úÆùÈ­(sulphonated)À¯µµÃ¼¡¤´ÏÆ®·ÎÈ­(nitrated)À¯µµÃ¼¡¤´ÏÆ®·Î¼ÒÈ­(nitrosated)À¯µµÃ¼
¾ÕÀÇ (A)ºÎÅÍ (F)±îÁö¿¡ ¼³¸íµÈ È­ÇÕ¹°ÀÇ ÇҷΰÕÈ­(halogenated)À¯µµÃ¼¡¤¼úÆùÈ­(sulphonated)À¯µµÃ¼¡¤´ÏÆ®·ÎÈ­(nitrated)À¯µµÃ¼¡¤´ÏÆ®·Î¼ÒÈ­(nitrosated)À¯µµÃ¼µéÀÇ »ê¼Ò¸¦ ÇÔÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ü´É±â´Â ±×´ë·Î ÀÖÀ¸³ª RÀ̳ª R1±âÀÇ Çϳª³ª ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¼ö¼Ò ¿ø¼Ò´Â °¢°¢ Çҷΰձâ(halogens groups)¡¤¼úÆù±â(sulpho groups)(-SO3H)¡¤´ÏÆ®·Î±â(nitro groups)(-NO2)¡¤´ÏÆ®·Î¼Ò±â(nitroso groups)(-NO)³ª À̵éÀÇ Á¶ÇÕ¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ġȯÇÑ´Ù.

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