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Heading 8439 : Machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material or for making or finishing paper or paperboard.
This heading covers machinery for making fibrous cellulosic pulp from various cellulosic materials (wood, straw, bagasse, waste paper, etc.) whether the pulp is for paper or paperboard making or for other purposes (e.g., for the manufacture of viscose rayon, certain building boards or explosives). It also covers machinery for making paper or paperboard whether from previously prepared pulp (e.g., mechanical or chemical wood pulp), or directly from the raw materials (wood, straw, bagasse, waste paper, etc.). The heading also covers machines for finishing the paper or paperboard ready for its various uses, other than the printing machines of heading 84.43.(Ⅰ) MACHINERY FOR MAKING PULP OF FIBROUS CELLULOSIC MATERIAL
This group includes : (A) Machines for the preliminary treatment of the raw materials in the process of pulp making, e.g. : (1) Waste paper or paperboard pulping machines. (2) Openers or dusters for straw and similar materials. (3) Bamboo crushers and special straw cutters for the paper-making industry. (4) Wood chip cutting machines and vibrating graders for grading the wood chips. (5) Log grinding machines. (6) "Masonite" defibrators in which wood chips are reduced to fibres by subjection to high pressure followed by a sudden reduction of the pressure. (B) Strainers. In these the dilute pulp passes through screens leaving behind any fibres insufficiently ground and any knots, lumps, dirt, etc. Those operated by centrifugal action, however, are excluded (heading 84.21). (C) Wet lappers (presse-pate machines). In these the pulpy mass of wood fibres, whether from the mechanical grinders or from the chemical digesters, is concentrated and formed into sheets. (D) Refiners. These usually comprise a cone shaped case with internal revolving bars which break up any large fibres or lumps and allow the stock that is already sufficiently beaten to pass straight through. (E) Crushers and grinders which treat previously prepared paper pulp with a view to producing a cellulosic pulp specially constituted for a particular application (for example, preparation of nitrocellulose). (Ⅱ) MACHINERY FOR MAKING PAPER OR PAPERBOARD
This group includes : (A) Machines for forming the stock into continuous sheets of paper or paperboard (e.g., Fourdrinier machines or twin wire machines). These are very complex machines. They consist of regulators for feeding the stock to the head box, a slice at the output end of the head box for distributing the stock onto an endless band, usually a woven fabric of synthetic monofilaments, supported on a breast roll or a forming roll, foils, table rolls, shake mechanism, suction boxes, dandy rolls for watermarking, couch rolls for increasing the dry solids content and consolidating the paper, press rolls forming at least one press nip, one press roll may include a press shoe and a surrounding, rotable belt loop, in which the paper is pressed against one or between two endless felt belts or other process belts, drying rolls, steam boxes, etc., and usually also calender rolls and reeling devices, etc. (B) Vat machines. These are similar in principle to those at (A) but, instead of the pulp flowing out on to an endless band of wire cloth, it is picked up from a vat on a revolving cylinder of wire cloth from which it is transferred to a felt band and then on to press rolls (sometimes of the suction type) and finally to a series of drying cylinders. The paper or paperboard is produced either in the form of continuous web or in sheets. In certain of these machines, sheets of paperboard are formed by the layer of pulp winding round and round a cylinder. When a sufficient thickness is built up, it is cut off in the form of sheets, either by hand or mechanically along the length of the cylinder. (C) Machines for the manufacture of multi-layered paper, board or paperboard. These machines consist of different combinations of Fourdrinier formers or twin wire formers. The different web layers are produced simultaneously and are joined in a humid state in the machine, as a rule without a binder. (D) Sample drawing apparatus for making paper samples intended for testing. These machines are sometimes called "sample drawing machines" for controlling manufacture. (Ⅲ) MACHINERY FOR FINISHING PAPER OR PAPERBOARD
This group includes : (A) Reeling machines. Some of these at the same time stretch and smooth the paper and discharge any static electricity. (B) Machines (other than calenders) for applying various kinds of surface coatings, inorganic or organic pigment layers, size, gum, silicon, wax, etc.; for coating carbon papers or photographic papers; for coating paper with textile dust, cork or mica powder, etc., for wallpapers. (C) Machines for impregnating paper or paperboard with oil, plastics, etc., and machines for making bituminised or tarred roofing papers. (D) Ruling machines working by means of small discs or steel pens fed from an ink bath, but not printing machines of heading 84.43. (E) Creping machines. These normally consist of a metal scraper or doctor which scrapes the paper from a heated cylinder, so that crinkling of the paper occurs. However, creping is usually carried out in the papermaking machine. (F) Machines for humidifying paper (also called "paper conditioners") in which the entire surface of the paper or paperboard is exposed to humid air. (G) Machines for graining and embossing (however, calenders used for the same purpose fall in heading 84.20). (H) Corrugating machines, may be combined with a laminating device. Certain paper-finishing machines (e.g., for coating, laminating or reeling), may also be suitable for use in the working of metal foil, plastic sheets, woven fabric, etc., but they remain in this heading provided they are of a type mainly used for paper or paperboard.
Composite machines of this heading sometimes incorporate certain machines falling in other headings of the Chapter (e.g., filters for recovery of fibres and loading material from waste waters (heading 84.21), calenders of all kinds (for smoothing, glazing, embossing, etc.) (heading 84.20), paper cutting machines (heading 84.41)). Provided they are presented together, such component machines are classified with the composite machines in this heading, but if presented separately they are classified in their respective headings.
The heading also excludes : (a) Boilers for rags, straw, etc.; boilers (digesters) for the preparation of chemical wood pulp; steam heated cylinder and other drying machines (heading 84.19). (b) Water-jet bark strippers (heading 84.24) and wood de-barking machinery (heading 84.65 or 84.79). (c) Printing machines (heading 84.43). (d) Rag pickers, pulling or garnetting machines (heading 84.45). (e) Machines for the manufacture of vulcanised fibre (heading 84.77). (f) Machines for coating abrasives on to paper, cloth, wood, etc. (heading 84.79).
PARTS
Subject to the general provisions regarding the classification of parts (see the General Explanatory Note to Section XVI), parts of the machinery of this heading are also classified here, e.g. :
Backfalls; bedplates and beater bars for beaters; couch rolls; suction boxes; cylinders for vat machines; dandy rolls.
The following are not, however, regarded as parts of this heading : (a) Endless belts of textile materials, for Fourdrinier machines and twin wire machines, and felt roller covers (heading 59.11). (b) Edge-runner stones, grinding stones, bedplates and backfalls and other parts of basalt, lava or natural stone (heading 68.04 or 68.15). (c) Endless belts of woven copper or bronze wire (e.g., Fourdrinier wire) (heading 74.19). (d) Machine knives and cutting blades (heading 82.08). (e) Calender rolls (heading 84.20).
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