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These are derived from phenols and phenol-alcohols by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by a halogen, a sulpho group (-SO3H), a nitro group (-NO2), a nitroso group (-NO) or by any combination thereof.
(A) HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES (1) o-Chlorophenol. Liquid with a strong odour. (2) m-Chlorophenol. Colourless crystals. (3) p-Chlorophenol. Crystalline mass with a disagreeable odour.
The three products above are used in organic synthesis (e.g., dyes). (4) p-Chloro-m-cresol (4-chloro-3-methylphenol). An odourless, disinfectant product, slightly soluble in water but easily emulsified with soap. (5) Chlorohydroquinone (chloroquinol). (B) SULPHONATED DERIVATIVES (1) Phenolsulphonic acids (HOC6H4SO3H), obtained by sulphonating phenol. (2) Naphtholsulphonic acids, prepared by direct sulphonation of naphthols, or by other processes of synthesis. They constitute an extensive group of compounds used for the manufacture of dyes and include : (a) 1-Naphthol-4-sulphonic acid (Neville-Winther acid), brilliant transparent flakes or yellowish-white powder. (b) 2-Naphthol-6-sulphonic acid (Schaeffer acid), a pinkish-white powder. (c) 2-Naphthol-7-sulphonic acid (F acid), white powder. (d) 1-Naphthol-5-sulphonic acid, deliquescent crystals. (e) 2-Naphthol-8-sulphonic acid (crocein acid), yellowish-white powder. (C) NITRATED DERIVATIVES (1) o-, m- and p-Nitrophenols (HOC6H4NO2). Yellowish crystals; used for preparing organic dyestuffs and pharmaceutical products. (2) Dinitrophenols (HOC6H3(NO2)2). These are crystalline powders; used for the preparation of explosives, sulphur dyes, etc. (3) Trinitrophenol (picric acid) (HOC6H2(NO2)3). Brilliant yellow crystals, odourless and toxic. Used for the treatment of burns and also as an explosive; its salts are known as picrates. (4) Dinitro-o-cresols. (5) Trinitroxylenols. (D) NITROSATED DERIVATIVES (1) o-, m- and p-Nitrosophenols. The fact that nitrosophenols may react in the tautomeric form of quinone oximes does not affect their classification in this heading. (2) Nitrosonaphthols.
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