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Heading 2939 : Vegetable alkaloids, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives.
These alkaloids are complex organic bases produced by plants; they have a strong physiological action. Some are obtained by synthesis. They are all more or less poisonous.
This heading covers unmixed alkaloids and natural mixtures of alkaloids (e.g., veratrine or the total alkaloids of opium); but deliberate intermixtures or preparations are excluded. The heading also excludes saps and vegetable extracts, such as dried saps of opium (heading 13.02).
This heading includes hydrogenated, dehydrogenated, oxygenated and deoxygenated alkaloid derivatives and, in general, any alkaloid derivative the structure of which is to a large extent the same as that of the natural alkaloid from which it is obtained.(A) ALKALOIDS OF OPIUM AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; SALTS THEREOF (1) Morphine, present in opium; colourless crystals; a powerful narcotic; very poisonous. (2) Dihydromorphine, desomorphine (INN) (dihydrodeoxymorphine), hydromorphone (INN) (dihydromorphinone) and metopon (INN) (5-methyldihydromorphinone). (3) Diacetylmorphine (heroin), crystalline white powder; used as a sedative in place of codeine and morphine. (4) Ethylmorphine, crystalline white powder, odourless; used internally as a hypnotic and analgesic, externally as a local anaesthetic. (5) Codeine (methylmorphine, monomethyl ether of morphine). Present in opium together with morphine. Crystals; used as a sedative in replacement of morphine. (6) Dihydrocodeine (INN), hydrocodone (INN) (dihydrocodeinone), oxycodone (INN) (dihydrohydroxycodeinone). (7) Narceine, secondary alkaloid in opium; crystals; a hypnotic and an analgesic. (8) Noscapine (INN) (narcotine), secondary alkaloid in opium; crystals; less potent than morphine and only slightly toxic. (9) Cotarnine and hydrocotarnine, derived from narcotine. (10) Papaverine, secondary alkaloid in opium; crystals; narcotic and sedative action, but less intense than that of morphine. (11) Ethaverine hydrochloride (INNM)(1-(3,4-diethoxybenzyl)-6,7-diethoxyisoquinoline hydrochloride). (12) Thebaine, secondary alkaloid in opium; crystals; odourless; toxic. (13) Concentrates of poppy straw. A natural mixture of alkaloids obtained from parts of the poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) by extraction, followed by purification, and containing not less than 50 % by weight of alkaloids.
Derivatives of the alkaloids of opium are classified in this heading provided they retain the epoxy-bridged morphine structure, whether or not hydrogenated. (B) ALKALOIDS OF CINCHONA AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; SALTS THEREOF (1) Quinine, present in the bark of various plants of the Cinchona genus, particularly Cinchona officinalis, Cinchona calisaya and Cinchona succirubra. Crystalline white powder. Quinine and its salts have a paralysing effect on the protoplasm of protozoa present in the blood, so they are used as febrifuges (antipyretics) and antimalarials. (2) Quinidine. Contained in the bark of plants of the Cinchona genus. Crystals; may be extracted from the mother-liquors of quinine sulphate. (3) Cinchonine, ranks second in importance to quinine among the alkaloids contained in Cinchona bark; crystals. (4) Cinchonidine, found in Cinchona bark; crystals. (5) Quinine tannate. (C) CAFFEINE AND ITS SALTS
Caffeine, extracted from coffee beans, tea and cola nuts; or obtained by synthesis. Silky crystals; used in medicine. (D) EPHEDRINES AND THEIR SALTS (1) Ephedrine, contained in Ephedra vulgaris and also obtained synthetically; colourless crystals; used in medicine. (2) Methylephedrine. (3) Etafedrine (INN). (4) Norephedrine. (5) Pseudoephedrine (INN). (E) THEOPHYLLINE AND AMINOPHYLLINE (THEOPHYLLINE-ETHYLENEDIAMINE) AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; SALTS THEREOF
Theophylline, present in tea, but is also obtained synthetically. Crystals, often used as a diuretic, as is also aminophylline (theophylline-ethylenediamine). (F) ALKALOIDS OF RYE ERGOT AND THEIR DERIVATIVES; SALTS THEREOF (1) Ergometrine (INN) (9,10-didehydro-N-[(S)-2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl]-6-methylergoline-8β-carboxamide) (ergonovine). Tetrahedral or fine needle crystals. Used as an oxytocic and as a precursor in the production of lysergide (INN) (see the list of precursors at the end of Chapter 29). An important derivative is ergometrine maleate; this is also known as ergonovine maleate. (2) Ergotamine (INN) (12-hydroxy-2-methyl-5α-(phenylmethyl) ergotaman-3,6,18-trione). Used as a vasoconstrictor and as a precursor in the production of lysergide (INN) (see the list of precursors at the end of Chapter 29). Its principal derivatives include ergotamine succinate and ergotamine tartrate. (3) Lysergic acid (9,10-didehydro-6-methylergoline-8-carboxylic acid). Prepared from the alkaline hydrolysis of ergot alkaloids. Also produced from Claviceps paspali. Crystals are in the form of hexagonal plates or scales. Used as a psychomimetic and as a precursor in the production of lysergide (INN) (see list of precursors at the end of Chapter 29). (4) Other ergot alkaloids, e.g., ergosine, ergocristine, ergocryptine, ergocornine and methylergometrine. (G) NICOTINE AND ITS SALTS
Nicotine, alkaloid present in tobacco leaves; can also be obtained by synthesis. Colourless liquid which turns brown when exposed to air; has a characteristic, penetrating odour. A strong base, toxic, forms crystalline salts; used as a fungicide and insecticide for plants. (H) OTHER VEGETABLE ALKALOIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES AND SALTS (1) Arecoline, alkaloid present in betel-nut (areca-nut). (2) Aconitine, one of the most violent poisons known; extracted from the dried roots of Aconitus napellus. Used in medicine as a powerful sedative. (3) Physostigmine (eserine). Occurs in Calabar-beans; colourless crystals which turn reddish-yellow when exposed to air; used in medicine. (4) Pilocarpine, principal alkaloid in Pilocarpus jaborandi; colourless mass which turns brown when exposed to air. Pilocarpine and its salts are used in medicine (to provoke perspiration) and by oculists; also used in the preparation of hair-growing lotions. (5) Sparteine, alkaloid present in broom; colourless liquid. Sparteine sulphate is used as a heart stimulant. (6) Atropine, obtained chiefly from Datura stramonium; also obtained synthetically; crystals; a violent poison which dilates the pupil of the eye. (7) Homatropine, colourless crystals; it has the same chemical and physiological action as atropine. (8) Hyoscyamine, the principal alkaloid present in Atropa belladonna and in numerous plants of the Hyoscyamus genus. Colourless crystals; highly toxic. Its salts (e.g., the sulphate and hydrobromide) are used in medicine. (9) Scopolamine (hyoscine), present in many plants of the Datura genus; colourless syrupy liquid or colourless crystals. Its salts (e.g., the hydrobromide and the sulphate) are crystalline; used in medicine. (10) Colchicine, found in the plant Colchicum autumnale. Gummy mass, yellow powder, crystals or flakes; used in medicine; very toxic. (11) Veratrine, a natural mixture of alkaloids extracted from sabadilla seeds; amorphous white powder; hygroscopic, irritant and highly sternutatory; toxic; used in medicine. (12) Cevadine, corresponds to crystallised veratrine. (13) Cocaine, crystals; extracted from the leaves of several varieties of coca, especially Erythroxylum coca; also obtained synthetically. The crude cocaine on the market is never pure, but contains from 80 % to 94 % of cocaine; in that form, it remains classified here. The aqueous solution of cocaine gives an alkaline reaction; it forms numerous salts; a powerful anaesthetic. (14) Emetine, present in the roots of Uragoga ipecacuanha. Amorphous white powder which turns yellow when exposed to light; used as an expectorant and as an emetic; its salts are used against amoebean dysentery. (15) Strychnine, extracted from various plants of the Strychnos genus (nux vomica, St. Ignatius beans). Silky crystals; a violent poison. Forms crystalline salts, used in medicine. (16) Theobromine, extracted from cocoa and also obtained synthetically. Crystalline white powder, used in medicine as a diuretic and heart stimulant. (17) Piperine, extracted from the Piper nigrum; crystals. (18) Coniine, present in the conium (hemlock), and also obtained synthetically. Colourless oily liquid with a penetrating odour; violent poison; used in medicine. (19) Curarine, extracted from curare; used in medicine. (20) Porphyrine (alkaloid). (21) Tomatine. (22) Alkaloid tannates (chelidonine tannate, colchicine tannate, pelletierine tannate, etc.). (23) Hydrastine. (24) Hydrastinine. (25) Hydrohydrastinine. (26) Oxohydrastinine. (27) Tropine (tropan-3-ol). (28) Tropinone. (29) Cephaeline. (30) Metamfetamine (INN) (methamphetamine, N-methylamphetamine, deoxyephedrine, 2-methylamino-1-phenylpropane). ㅇ ㅇㅇ
Certain substances of this heading, which are regarded as narcotic drugs or as psychotropic substances under international instruments, are indicated in the list appearing at the end of Chapter 29.
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